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While Fergusson's account is the only detailed version of this event, Oppenheimer's parents were alerted by the university authorities who considered placing him on probation, a fate prevented by his parents successfully lobbying the authorities. To help him recover from the illness, his father enlisted the help of his English teacher Herbert Smith, who took him to New Mexico, where Oppenheimer fell in love with horseback riding and the southwestern United States. In its presentation to the Interim Committee, the scientific panel offered its opinion not just on the likely physical effects of an atomic bomb, but on its likely military and political impact. As a cultured, intellectual, theoretical physicist who became a disciplined military organizer, Oppenheimer represented the shift away from the idea that scientists had their "head in the clouds" and that knowledge on such previously esoteric subjects as the composition of the atomic nucleus had no "real-world" applications.[249]. An influential group of Harvard alumni led by Edwin Ginn that included Archibald Roosevelt protested against the decision. J. Robert Oppenheimer was born into a Jewish family in New York City on April 22, 1904,[note 1][7] to Ella (ne Friedman), a painter, and Julius Seligmann Oppenheimer, a wealthy textile importer. [38] Hans Bethe said of him: Probably the most important ingredient he brought to his teaching was his exquisite taste. Although Fergusson easily fended off the attack, the episode convinced him of Oppenheimer's deep psychological troubles. His calculations accorded with observations of the X-ray absorption of the sun, but not helium. George August OPPENHEIMER, Jr.(b. John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr and Alexander Vassiliev, Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), p. 58. 1908, d. 1984) Changed name to George August OPPEN, Jr. in 1927 when he father changed his. He noted his regret the weapon had not been available in time to use against Nazi Germany. If you have additional information or corrections regarding this mathematician, please use the update form.To submit students of this mathematician, please use the new data form, noting this mathematician's MGP ID of 14001 for the advisor ID. Robert Oppenheimer, "Prospects in the Arts and Sciences" in Man's Right to Knowledge[222], Starting in 1954, Oppenheimer lived for several months of the year on the island of Saint John in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Frank was subsequently fired from his University of Minnesota position. [247] The original house was built too close to the coast and succumbed to a hurricane. [108] He concentrated the development efforts on the gun-type device, a simpler design that only had to work with uranium-235, in a single group; this device became Little Boy in February 1945. [150] In that connection, Oppenheimer and the others were concerned about the opportunity costs that would be incurred if nuclear reactors were diverted from materials needed for atom bomb production to the materials such as tritium needed for a thermonuclear weapon. While on vacation, as recalled by his friend Francis Fergusson, Oppenheimer once confessed that he had left an apple doused with noxious chemicals on Blackett's desk. W hen J Robert Oppenheimer first saw the awful power of the atomic bomb, in the Trinity test at Los Alamos, New Mexico, in 1945, he was reminded of the words in the Bhagavad Gita, "Now I am become . "[121] At an assembly at Los Alamos on August 6 (the evening of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima), Oppenheimer took to the stage and clasped his hands together "like a prize-winning boxer" while the crowd cheered. In 2022, five decades after his death, the U.S. government formally nullified its 1954 decision and affirmed Oppenheimer's loyalty. When Los Alamos received the first sample of plutonium from the X-10 Graphite Reactor in April 1944, a problem was discovered: reactor-bred plutonium had a higher concentration of plutonium-240, making it unsuitable for use in a gun-type weapon. [171], Teller, who had been so uninterested in work on the atomic bomb at Los Alamos during the war that Oppenheimer had given him time instead to work on his own project of the hydrogen bomb,[172] left Los Alamos in 1951 to help found, in 1952, a second laboratory at what would become the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. He calculated the photoelectric effect for hydrogen and X-rays, obtaining the absorption coefficient at the K-edge. I said that perhaps he [Kipphardt] had forgotten Guernica, Coventry, Hamburg, Dresden, Dachau, Warsaw, and Tokyo; but I had not, and that if he found it so difficult to understand, he should write a play about something else. [92], In June 1942, the US Army established the Manhattan Project to handle its part in the atom bomb project and began the process of transferring responsibility from the Office of Scientific Research and Development to the military. He compensated for his late start by taking six courses each term and was admitted to the undergraduate honor society Phi Beta Kappa. [12] This had been founded by Felix Adler to promote a form of ethical training based on the Ethical Culture movement, whose motto was "Deed before Creed". Julius was born in Hanau, then part of the Hesse-Nassau province of the Kingdom of Prussia, and came to the United States as a teenager in 1888 with few resources, no money, no baccalaureate studies, and no knowledge of the English language. [236][237] At the urging of many of Oppenheimer's political friends who had ascended to power, President John F. Kennedy awarded Oppenheimer the Enrico Fermi Award in 1963 as a gesture of political rehabilitation. [277][278], The meaning of the 'J' in J. Robert Oppenheimer has been a source of confusion. In June 1939 Kitty and Harrison moved to Pasadena, California, where he became chief of radiology at a local hospital and she enrolled as a graduate student at the University of California, Los Angeles. In this interview with historian Kai Bird, author of American Prometheus, a biography of J. Robert Oppenheimer, they discuss what it was like growing up with the Oppenheimer family legacy. [70] During his marriage, Oppenheimer rekindled his affair with Tatlock. [259] It premiered in New York in June 1968, with Joseph Wiseman in the Oppenheimer role. [248], When Oppenheimer was stripped of his position of political influence in 1954, he symbolized for many the folly of scientists who believed they could control the use of their research, and the dilemmas of moral responsibility presented by science in the nuclear age. Oppenheimer attended the Ethical Culture School in New York. He was on the point of questioning me. He truly lived with those problems, struggling for a solution, and he communicated his concern to the group. The meeting went badly after Oppenheimer said he felt he had "blood on my hands". Oppenheimer's achievements in physics included the BornOppenheimer approximation for molecular wave functions, work on the theory of electrons and positrons, the OppenheimerPhillips process in nuclear fusion, and the first prediction of quantum tunneling. Unable to find work in physics for many years, he became a cattle rancher in Colorado. A few people laughed, a few people cried. Robert J. Conrad was born in 1958. It was not that he contributed so many ideas or suggestions; he did so sometimes, but his main influence came from something else. "His physics was good", said his student Snyder, "but his arithmetic awful".[42]. He directed and encouraged the research of many well-known scientists, including Freeman Dyson, and the duo of Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee, who won a Nobel Prize for their discovery of parity non-conservation. Oppenheimer werd geboren in New York in 1904. This was partly due to lobbying by the scientific community on behalf of Oppenheimer. [14] He completed the third and fourth grades in one year and skipped half of the eighth grade. : Scholarly Resources, 1978. 50: . We welcome any additional information. 1904, d. 1967). Frank Friedman Oppenheimer (August 14, 1912) was an American particle physicist, University of Colorado professor of physics, and founder of the Exploratorium in San Francisco. Robert had one sibling. [218] According to biographer Ray Monk: "He was, in a very practical and real sense, a supporter of the Communist Party. [261], The whole damn thing [his security hearing] was a farce, and these people are trying to make a tragedy out of it. [137][note 3], As a member of the Board of Consultants to a committee appointed by Truman, Oppenheimer strongly influenced the AchesonLilienthal Report. To help distract him from his depression, Fergusson told Oppenheimer that he (Fergusson) was to marry his girlfriend, Frances Keeley. father: Julius Oppenheimer mother: Ella Friedman siblings: Frank Oppenheimer children: Katherine Oppenheimer, Peter Oppenheimer Quotes By J. Robert Oppenheimer Physicists Died on: February 18, 1967 place of death: Princeton, New Jersey, United States Ancestry: German American Notable Alumni: Christ's College, Cambridge Grouping of People: Smoker In January 1977 (three months after the end of her second marriage), she committed suicide aged 32; her ex-husband found her hanging from a beam in her family beach house. robert oppenheimer grandchildren. The metal needed to travel only very short distances, so the critical mass would be assembled in much less time. [256][257][258] National security advisor and academic McGeorge Bundy, who had worked with Oppenheimer on the State Department Panel of Consultants, has written: "Quite aside from Oppenheimer's extraordinary rise and fall in prestige and power, his character has fully tragic dimensions in its combination of charm and arrogance, intelligence and blindness, awareness and insensitivity, and perhaps above all daring and fatalism. Monk. He met this group once a day in his office and discussed with one after another the status of the student's research problem. [136], During a series of conferences in New York from 1947 through 1949, physicists switched back from war work to theoretical issues. There he was given the nickname of Opje,[32] later anglicized by his students as "Oppie". Charles Oppenheimer and Dorothy Vanderford are the grandchildren of J. Robert Oppenheimer. [246] She left the property to "the people of St. John for a public park and recreation area". I remembered the line from the Hindu scripture, the Bhagavad Gita; Vishnu is trying to persuade the Prince that he should do his duty and, to impress him, takes on his multi-armed form and says, "Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds." After inconclusive surgery, he underwent unsuccessful radiation treatment and chemotherapy late in 1966. On the dark great sea, in the midst of javelins and arrows, [128][129] Nuclear physics became a powerful force as all governments of the world began to realize the strategic and political power that came with nuclear weapons. Two years later, Carl David Anderson discovered the positron, for which he received the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics. [25] This irritated some of Born's other students so much that Maria Goeppert presented Born with a petition signed by herself and others threatening a boycott of the class unless he made Oppenheimer quiet down. Science (New York, N.Y.). [232] Some 1,200 people packed Sanders Theatre to hear Oppenheimer's six lectures, titled "The Hope of Order". J. Robert Oppenheimer was a fascinating, complex, and extremely seductive figure, but one defined almost as much by his flaws as by his prodigious talents and achievements. His work predicted many later finds, which include the neutron, meson and neutron star. He was given the title "Coordinator of Rapid Rupture", which specifically referred to the propagation of a fast neutron chain reaction in an atomic bomb. The service was attended by 600 of his scientific, political and military associates that included Bethe, Groves, Kennan, Lilienthal, Rabi, Smyth and Wigner. Groves was concerned by the fact that Oppenheimer did not have a Nobel Prize and might not have had the prestige to direct fellow scientists. [140], After the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) came into being in 1947 as a civilian agency in control of nuclear research and weapons issues, Oppenheimer was appointed as the chairman of its General Advisory Committee (GAC). robert oppenheimer grandchildren. [57] An asteroid, 67085 Oppenheimer, was named in his honor,[275] as was the lunar crater Oppenheimer. The "father of the atomic bomb", he was tormented by the consequences of . 721pp, Atlantic, 25. Oppenheimer had given the site the codename "Trinity" in mid-1944 and said later that it was from one of John Donne's Holy Sonnets. [154] Oppenheimer and other GAC opponents of the project, especially James Conant, felt disheartened and considered resigning from the committee. He was known for being too enthusiastic in discussion, sometimes to the point of taking over seminar sessions. He claimed that he did not read newspapers or listen to the radio and had only learned of the Wall Street crash of 1929 while he was on a walk with Ernest Lawrence six months after the crash occurred. The Interim Committee in turn established a scientific panel consisting of Arthur Compton, Fermi, Lawrence and Oppenheimer to advise it on scientific issues. "[4] Oppenheimer published more than a dozen papers while in Europe, including many important contributions to the new field of quantum mechanics. Show all. [166] Oppenheimer was also a member of the Science Advisory Committee of the Office of Defense Mobilization. He used that position to lobby for international control of nuclear power to avert nuclear proliferation and a nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union. I had never said that I had regretted participating in a responsible way in the making of the bomb. He saw physics clearly, looking toward what had already been done, but at the border he tended to feel there was much more of the mysterious and novel than there actually was [he turned] away from the hard, crude methods of theoretical physics into a mystical realm of broad intuition. Moreover, in terms of the time, effort and money spent on party activities, he was a very committed supporter". Here his uncanny speed in grasping the main points of any subject was a decisive factor; he could acquaint himself with the essential details of every part of the work. [166] Those two projects led to Project Lincoln in 1952, a large effort where Oppenheimer was one of the senior scientists. In one incident, his damning testimony against former student Bernard Peters was selectively leaked to the press. [239] Oppenheimer told Johnson: "I think it is just possible, Mr. President, that it has taken some charity and some courage for you to make this award today. [36] He recovered from tuberculosis and returned to Berkeley, where he prospered as an advisor and collaborator to a generation of physicists who admired him for his intellectual virtuosity and broad interests. Toni was refused security clearance for her chosen vocation as a United Nations translator after the FBI brought up the old charges against her father. [231] In 1955, Oppenheimer published The Open Mind, a collection of eight lectures that he had given since 1946 on the subject of nuclear weapons and popular culture. Both the collaboration and their friendship ended when Pauling began to suspect Oppenheimer of becoming too close to his wife, Ava Helen Pauling. [39], Oppenheimer worked closely with Nobel Prize-winning experimental physicist Ernest O. Lawrence and his cyclotron pioneers, helping them understand the data their machines were producing at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. [94] In September, Groves was appointed director of what became known as the Manhattan Project. He was intellectually and physically present at each decisive step. [115], Oppenheimer later recalled that, while witnessing the explosion, he thought of a verse from the Bhagavad Gita (XI,12): divi srya-sahasrasya bhaved yugapad utthit yadi bh sad s syd bhsas tasya mahtmana[116], If the radiance of a thousand suns were to burst at once into the sky, that would be like the splendor of the mighty one[5][117], Years later he would explain that another verse had also entered his head at that time: namely, the famous verse "klo'smi lokakayaktpravddho loknsamhartumiha pravtta" (XI,32),[118] which he translated as "I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds. Professor J. Robert Oppenheimer, the inventor of the Atomic Bomb was also a descendant of this family Samuel Oppenheimer.is the 17th Great Grandson of Rashi related through his Grand Mother Frummet BALLIN to Yocheved Bas SHLOMO Rashi's Daughter Marc Heymann is the 9th Great Grandson of Samuel Oppenheimer. It remains his most cited work. He was fond of using elegant, if extremely complex, mathematical techniques to demonstrate physical principles, though he was sometimes criticized for making mathematical mistakes, presumably out of haste. [60] Oppenheimer was nominated for the Nobel Prize for physics three times, in 1946, 1951 and 1967, but never won. Among those present with Oppenheimer in the control bunker at the site were his brother Frank and Brigadier General Thomas Farrell. The problem of meson absorption and Hideki Yukawa's theory of mesons as the carrier particles of the strong nuclear force were also tackled. [196] On December 21, 1953, Strauss told Oppenheimer that his security clearance had been suspended, pending resolution of a series of charges outlined in a letter, and discussed his resigning by way of requesting termination of his consulting contract with the AEC. [7] Their art collection included works by Pablo Picasso and douard Vuillard, and at least three original paintings by Vincent van Gogh. [225][226] He had been selected for the final episode of the lecture series two years prior to the security hearing, though the university remained adamant that he stay on even after the controversy. It was therefore possible to argue also that you did not want it even if you could have it. He is absolutely essential to the project. [91] In May 1942, National Defense Research Committee Chairman James B. Conant, who had been one of Oppenheimer's lecturers at Harvard, invited Oppenheimer to take over work on fast neutron calculations, a task Oppenheimer threw himself into with full vigor. [250] One group viewed with passionate fear the Soviet Union as a mortal enemy and believed having the most powerful weaponry capable of providing the most massive retaliation was the best strategy for combating that threat. Zu Unrecht, sagt das Energieministerium jetzt. On Atomic Energy, Problems to Civilization, Oppenheimer talking about the experience of the first bomb test, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._Robert_Oppenheimer&oldid=1142023269, This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 03:15. He later cited the Gita as one of the books that most shaped his philosophy of life.[54][55]. His students and colleagues saw him as mesmerizing: hypnotic in private interaction, but often frigid in more public settings. (quoting the Bhagavad-Gita after witnessing the first Nuclear explosion.) He didn't have patience for that; his own work consisted of little aperus, but quite brilliant ones. [28], Oppenheimer was awarded a United States National Research Council fellowship to the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in September 1927. [19] He developed an antagonistic relationship with his tutor, Patrick Blackett, who was only a few years his senior. New York, NY, United States. [106] In July 1944, Oppenheimer abandoned the gun design in favor of an implosion-type weapon. After World War II, he became director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. His father had been a member of the Society for many years, serving on its board of trustees from 1907 to 1915. J. Robert Oppenheimer Siblings J. Robert has a younger brother Frank Oppenheimer. yes! Her first marriage lasted only a few months. Initial research on the properties of plutonium was done using cyclotron-generated plutonium-239, which was extremely pure but could be created only in tiny amounts. "[2][note 2] In August 1945, the weapons were used in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. [163], Oppenheimer played a role on a number of government panels and study projects during the late 1940s and early 1950s, some of which found him in the middle of controversies and power struggles. [173] Oppenheimer had defended the history of work done at Los Alamos and opposed the creation of the second laboratory. In the summer of 1940, she stayed with Oppenheimer at his ranch in New Mexico. Frank Oppenheimer and his wife Jackie testified before HUAC that they had been members of the Communist Party USA. Last edited on 28 February 2023, at 03:15, atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Office of Scientific Research and Development, first atomic bomb test by the Soviet Union, State Department Panel of Consultants on Disarmament, United States Congress Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer, Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography, "Nomination Archive - Robert J. Oppenheimer", United States Atomic Energy Commission 1954, "Oppenheimer's Letter of Response on Letter Regarding the Oppenheimer Affair", "Chevalier to Oppenheimer, July 23, 1964", "Excerpts from Barbara Chevalier's unpublished manuscript", "Excerpts from Gordon Griffith's unpublished memoir", "Nuclear Files: Library: Biographies: Robert Christy", "Bhagavad Gita As It Is, 11: The Universal Form, Text 12", "Chapter 11. 1955 Sent to George School by his parents. 10 August 1796, d. 29 October 1858 Michelfeld, Germany, . [219], On December 16, 2022, United States Secretary of Energy Jennifer Granholm vacated the 1954 revocation of Oppenheimer's security clearance. [124] In October 1945, Oppenheimer was granted an interview with President Harry S. Truman. Robert Oppenheimer, el hombre que contribuy de un modo decisivo a poner fin a la Segunda Guerra Mundial con el arma ms devastadora creada por el ser humano, la bomba atmica, tuvo un autntico dilema moral tras los bombardeos de Hiroshima y Nagasaki, y tambin tuvo que hacer frente a acusaciones que lo tildaban de ser comunista, por lo que fue Oppenheimer asked Fermi whether he could produce enough strontium without letting too many in on the secret. The Oppenheimers were German-Jewish immigrants but did not keep religious traditions. [69] Kitty returned to the United States, where she obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in botany from the University of Pennsylvania. [161] Truman had declined to reappoint them, as he wanted new voices on the committee who were more in support of H-bomb development. This led to Cecil Frank Powell's breakthrough and subsequent Nobel Prize for the discovery of the pion. The Universal Form, text 32", "J. Robert Oppenheimer, Atom Bomb Pioneer, Dies", "Van Gogh work fetches record $15.29 million", "TIME Magazine Cover: Dr. Robert Oppenheimer", "Transcripts Kept Secret for 60 Years Bolster Defense of Oppenheimer's Loyalty", "J. Robert Oppenheimer Personnel Hearings Transcripts", "Testimony in the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer", "J. Robert Oppenheimer Cleared of 'Black Mark' After 68 Years", "Secretary Granholm Statement on DOE Order Vacating 1954 Atomic Energy Commission Decision In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer", "Text of Oppenheimer Lecture Ending the Columbia Bicentenary", Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, "Lyndon B. Johnson Remarks Upon Presenting the Fermi Award to Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer", "Playwright Suggests Corrections to Oppenheimer Drama", "The 2006 Pulitzer Prize Winners Biography or Autobiography", "The Day After Trinity: Oppenheimer & the Atomic Bomb (1980)", "Oppenheimer five-star review father of atomic bomb becomes tragic hero at RSC", "Cillian Murphy Confirmed to Star As J. Robert Oppenheimer In Christopher Nolan's Next Film At Universal, Film Will Bow in July 2023", "J. Robert Oppenheimer Centennial at Berkeley", "Reappraising Oppenheimer Centennial Studies and Reflections", "Small-Body Database Browser 67085 Oppenheimer (2000 AG42)", National Aeronautics and Space Administration, United States Army Center of Military History, Biography and online exhibit created for the centennial of his birth, 1965 Audio Interview with J. Robert Oppenheimer by Stephane Groueff. At his 1954 security clearance hearings, he denied being a member of the Communist Party but identified himself as a fellow traveler, which he defined as someone who agrees with many of the goals of communism but is not willing to blindly follow orders from any Communist Party apparatus.[86]. [27] After the oral exam, James Franck, the professor administering, reportedly said, "I'm glad that's over. He lives contently in seclusion. All these, in different ways, were turned against him in the hearings. [112] This included opinions on such sensitive issues as whether the Soviet Union should be advised of the weapon in advance of its use against Japan. A memorial service was held a week later at Alexander Hall on the campus of Princeton University. [241] While still a senator in 1959, Kennedy had been instrumental in voting to narrowly deny Oppenheimer's enemy Lewis Strauss a coveted government position as Secretary of Commerce, effectively ending Strauss's political career. examples of communities coming together; robert oppenheimer grandchildren; houses for rent in ranburne, al; robert oppenheimer grandchildren. One of his first acts was to host a summer school for bomb theory at his building in Berkeley. [12] During his final year, he became interested in chemistry. [34], On returning to the United States, Oppenheimer accepted an associate professorship from the University of California, Berkeley, where Raymond T. Birge wanted him so badly that he expressed a willingness to share him with Caltech.[31]. Because of the threat fascism posed to Western civilization, they volunteered in great numbers both for technological and organizational assistance to the Allied effort, resulting in such powerful tools as radar, the proximity fuse and operations research. Vishnu is trying to persuade the Prince that he should do his duty and to impress him takes on his multi-armed form and says, "Now, I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.". Her second, common-law marriage husband was Joe Dallet, an active member of the Communist Party, who was killed in the Spanish Civil War. The late President Kennedy's widow Jacqueline, still living in the White House, made it a point to meet with Oppenheimer to tell him how much her husband had wanted him to have the medal. "[125], For his services as director of Los Alamos, Oppenheimer was awarded the Medal for Merit by President Truman in 1946. Robert Leonard Oppenheimer was born on month day 1925, at birth place, Illinois, to Jack M Oppenheimer and Mabel OPPENHEIMER (born Solomon). [276], As a military and public policy advisor, Oppenheimer was a technocratic leader in a shift in the interactions between science and the military and the emergence of "Big Science". He joined with Albert Einstein, Bertrand Russell, Joseph Rotblat and other eminent scientists and academics to establish what would eventually, in 1960, become the World Academy of Art and Science. [53], Oppenheimer's diverse interests sometimes interrupted his focus on science. robert oppenheimer grandchildren. [189] The FBI furnished Oppenheimer's political enemies with evidence that implicated communist ties. During the Second Red Scare, those stances, together with past associations Oppenheimer had with people and organizations affiliated with the Communist Party, led to the revocation of his security clearance in a much-written-about hearing in 1954. [68] In 1939, after a tempestuous relationship, Tatlock broke up with Oppenheimer. [16], Oppenheimer majored in chemistry, but Harvard required science students to also study history, literature, and philosophy or mathematics. His art collection included works by Czanne, Derain, Despiau, de Vlaminck, Picasso, Rembrandt, Renoir, Van Gogh and Vuillard. [46], As early as 1930, Oppenheimer wrote a paper that essentially predicted the existence of the positron. [10] Robert had a younger brother, Frank, who also became a physicist, and who later founded the Exploratorium science museum in San Francisco. Soviet intelligence tried repeatedly to recruit him, but was never successful; Oppenheimer did not spy on the United States. [33] From Leiden he continued on to the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich to work with Wolfgang Pauli on quantum mechanics and the continuous spectrum. This meant moving back east and leaving Ruth Tolman, the wife of his friend Richard Tolman, with whom he had begun an affair after leaving Los Alamos.
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